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Walla Walla expeditions
The Walla Walla expeditions were two movements of Indigenous from the Columbian Plateau to Alta California during the mid-nineteenth century. The original expedition uu was organised to gain sizable populations of cattle for native peoples that lived on Columbian Plateau. Among the prominent members was Walla Walla leader Piupiumaksmaks, his son Toayahnu, Garry of the Spokanes and Cayuse headman Tawatoy. The first expedition arrived at New Helvetia in 1844. Several hundred cattle were secured from American and Mexican settlers, however a confrontation erupted with Toayahnu being killed by an American. The Plateau natives then escaped from the colony, losing all of their purchased livestock.
Toayahnu's angered many indigenous across multiple Plateau nations and for a while it was considered to exact revenge on John Sutter's colony with a mixed military force of 2,000. The Nez Perce Ellis was sent to Fort Vancouver as a delegate of the aggrieved parties. Meetings were held with Hudson Bay Company officers John McLoughlin and James Douglas. Both men declaimed the Plateau natives attacking the white colonists in Sacramento Valley, stating that they wouldn't sell rifles or other military armaments for such action. Later Ellis would have talks with Elijah White, then Indian subagent for the region. White also voiced against military action, promising to forward the complaints to John Sutter, Thomas O. Larkin the American Consul for Alta California and Governor of Alta California Manuel Micheltorena.
The second expedition returned to New Helvetia in 1846, again with Piupiumaksmaks and Tawatoy, along with Lenape Tom Hill among others. Conflict was brewing in the region as the Conquest of California was then in full force. Initial reports among American settlers and military figures of the Walla Walla expedition claimed the force was over a thousand in size. However Piupiumaksmaks declaimed military action and requested peaceable relations and for further commercial transactions to commence. An estimated two thousand cattle was purchased. In addition, ten Walla Wallas were recruited to fight alongside Americans as scouts. When the expedition returned to the Columbian Plateau, it contained members will with measles. The disease was spread across the Pacific Northwest and was a major cause of the Whitman massacre that occurred shortly after the expedition returned.
==Background==
The Sahaptin nations acquired horses through Northern Shoshone in the eighteenth century, radically changing their subsistence gathering patterns. Groups of Niimíipu, Cayuse and Walla Walla peoples began to hunt Plains bison across the Rocky Mountains throughout winters. Plateau natives had progressively explored regions lying to the south prior the expeditions. In 1841 Charles Wilkes stated that Piupiumaksmaks and Tawatoy were "going to the Shasta country to trade for blankets, powder and ball, together with trinkets and beads, in exchange for their horses and beaver-skins."〔Wilkes, Charles. (''Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition: During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842.'' ) Vol. 4. New York City: G. P. Putnam &, 1856. p. 396.〕 Members of the Walla Walla nation later claimed that Piupiumaksmaks was horse raiding in modern California from an early age.〔Splawn, A. J. (''Ka-mi-akin, the Last Hero of the Yakimas.'' ) Portland, OR: Kilham Stationery & Printing, 1917. pp. 362-364.〕 As the Columbian Plateau became included in the expanding North American fur trade, additional materials and goods additionally altered their means of living. Regional trade was focused on Fort Nez Percés, a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) post. These transactions didn't include livestock as the HBC station maintained a policy of keeping its supply of animals. Settlers from the United States of America began to emigrate to the Willamette Valley in the 1830s and traveled through the plateau. Small numbers of ox and cattle were purchased from them, adding to the large horse herds already established. Marcus Whitman reported to his superiors being lent two oxen from a Cayuse noble to establish Waiilaptu in 1836.〔Whitman, Marcus. (''To Rev. Greene: May 5, 1837.'' ) Whitman Mission. November 11, 1841. Accessed September 27, 2015.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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